Nikavir in Chemoprevention Regimens of Vertical HIV Transmission

The first cases of HIV infection in the Russian Federation were identified in 1987. Between 1987 and 1996 over 90% of individuals acquired infection via homosexual contacts (Segeda, 2006; Berrous, 2000). Since 1996 there has been a dramatic growth of incidence rate due to the parenteral use of psychoactive drugs (Montgomery, 2000; UNAIDS, 2001; Des Jarlais, 2001). Since then, in the Russian Federation a narcodependent type of epidemic process has formed. It is characterized by high intensity and a rapid growth of the incidence rate (Adabekov & Mamaev, 2005; Rakhmanova, 2004). Due to a large share of women of the active reproductive age among the HIV-infected individuals and the tendency for its further growth as well as the increasing percentage of HIV distribution through sexual transmission (Terentyeva, 2006), there is a current annual growth of pregnancy and delivery rates among women infected with HIV (Terentyeva, 2006). Compared with 2000, in 2010 the absolute number of deliveries has increased 15 times. By 2010 deliveries by HIV-infected women accounted to 0.4% of the total number of deliveries in the Russian Federation. The actual increase in the share of women among the newly identified cases of HIV infection may be regarded as an indirect evidence of activation of heterosexual transmission of HIV. 62% of HIV-positive pregnant women identified in 2010 were infected through sexual contacts. Along with the growth of heterosexual route of infection an associated risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV has increased as well. The mortality rate among children born from HIV-positive mothers is high. 25% of HIVpositive and 12% of HIV-negative children die before the age of five (Rogers, 1984; Rakhmanova, 2006). By the end 2010, 12000 individuals with HIV infection were registered in Permsky Krai, over one third of them (35%) being females. Between 1999 and 201